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This week I am outlining the most common spinal surgery procedures performed in hospitals. These are decompression surgeries (or laminectomies) and spinal fusions

In the UK, over the last 20 years, there has been a 12% increase in how likely a person is to experience disability because of low back pain.

Pandemics: In 20 years we have attempted to dodge six bullets in the shape of Ebola, SARS, MERS, Swine Flu (H1N1), Avian Flu (H5N1) and COVID-19.

Herniated Discs: Compared to other primates we are unique as we can walk upright on our hind limbs. A common evolutionary issue is unintended consequence.

COVID-19: We have learned in a few short months what we normally learn in 100 years for other diseases

Snake venom offers a bewildering number of possible ‘lead molecules’ due to the plethora of biochemical and pharmacological activities.

Vitamin D influences several immune pathways, with the net effect of boosting mucosal defences in our lung tissue while simultaneously dampening excessive inflammatory responses.

Hip replacements are one of the most successful and cost-effective interventions in orthopaedic medicine.